Okay, enough of the ‘corny’ jokes.The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW), first invaded Africa in 2016 and has since become established in many areas across the continent where it poses a serious threat to food and nutrition security.
Glyphosate + pre’s Pre-emergence herbicides Post-emergence herbicides. Cultivation at side-dress Transgenic RR:. Managed by good agronomic practices, fungicide seed treatments, and variety resistance. Foliar insects: - Plant early! - crop monitoring - insecticide only when needed, rare - Bt transgenics (corn borers, ear- worms, armyworms. 
Soil insects: - field history - insecticides: - in-furrow - over the top Corn rootworm wireworm. Apply ½ pre-plant, the other ½ sidedress at V5-7 Pre-plant N, P, K Side dressing liquid N fertilizer. Try to get uniform stand and emergence. Why?) - reduce late-season insect pressure - catch early rains - avoid late summer heat - higher yields, less input costs 1 - look at experiment station yield trials - Transgenic traits, ie., ‘RR’, ‘Bt’ - Maturity, ie., early, mid-late - Cost, availability of seed - Disease resistance New developments are herbicide resistant (glyphosate and some others) and internal insecticide producing transgenic varieties. Hybrid seed corn development: - develop stable ‘inbred’ lines - cross two different inbred lines - plant the seed produced (F1 hybrid) - offspring will yield 2-5X parents!. 1940’s: Hybrid corn seed production revolutionized corn production, 2-3 fold yield increases seen in some areas!. Dent types emerged about 1500 years ago. Considerable variability due to open pollination. No known close relative, best match is a perennial grass called ‘teosinte’. Spread to SW, SE, NE and then to great plains and Canada. Early signs of cultivation about 8000 years ago. Reproduction: tasseling silking anthesis (pollen shed) ‘milk’ – ‘soft dough’ – ‘dough’ – early dent – late dent Black Dot (physiological maturity). internode elongation (IE) or ‘jointing. 
Transgenic types: - herbicide, ie., RR - insecticide, ie., ‘Yieldguard’ (Bt) - others coming!. Five main kernel types: - flint: popcorn, ornamental - flour - waxy - sweet (white, yellow, mixed) - dent. Panicle, florets with sterile ovaries Ear, only has floret pistol: stigma, style (silk), and fertile ovary (kernel). 3 root systems: - seminal (temporary) - secondary (main system) - brace roots (support) brace roots secondary roots seminal roots.
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